Steps to Reducing Energy Costs on a Dairy Farm
This guide will help you to minimise energy costs on your dairy farm by:
- Minimising energy prices
- Controlling energy consumption
- Controlling capital costs (eg. equipment and grid connections)
The guide is based on a comprehensive study of energy requirements on dairy farms in North-East Victoria, conducted by Genesis Now with assistance from Graham Redding and Associates, for the Upper Murray Development Board (with the support of Business Victoria).
We also have an information page on electricity supply voltage which is particularly relevant to rural areas.
Contents
- Minimising the Price of Energy
- Using Off-Peak Electricity
- Minimizing Energy Consumption
- Bench-Marking
- Reducing Dairy Electricity Consumption
- Water Heating
- Recovering Heat from Milk
- LPG
- Milk Cooling and Refrigeration
- Milk Quality Benefit
- Lighting
- Minimizing Capital Costs
- More Information and Related Sites
Minimising the Price of Energy
Using the Cheapest Energy
Ways of reducing the price of energy include:
- Using the cheapest type of energy (e.g. electricity can be used for water heating, but there are cheaper alternatives such as heat from milk)
- Purchasing energy at the best available tariff or contract rate
- Preferentially using off-peak electricity
Electricity Tariffs
40% of the dairies surveyed were buying electricity under tariff “B-Farm Supply”. These would reduce their electricity costs an average of 30% ($2090) by transferring to tariff “D”. (These are Victorian tariffs. In other states, please check the most appropriate tariff with your electricity supplier).
Using Off-Peak Electricity
Electricity prices paid by dairy farms in Australia can vary widely (so shop around) but are typically in the range:
| On-Peak | 25 – 35 | cents/kWh |
| Off-Peak | 12 – 18 | cents/kWh |
Clearly, tasks which can be shifted conveniently to the off-peak period should be, as the electricity cost will be reduced by 50%. completing milking before 7 a.m. EST will significantly reduce total electricity costs.
Minimising Energy Consumption
Bench-Marking
Comparing your energy consumption with similar dairies will give an indication of the potential to reduce costs by reducing energy consumption, without compromising on convenience or the quality of energy services.
This study of dairy farms in North-East Victoria showed electricity use ranging from:
- 0.29 to 1.44 kWh per cow per day, for farms with less than 250 cows
- 0.52 to 0.83 kWh per cow per day, for farms with more than 250 cows
If the small dairy with the highest electricity consumption per cow could improve its energy efficiency to that of the small dairy with the lowest consumption, it would achieve an 80% reduction in consumption.
Reducing Dairy Electricity Consumption
In most dairies, electricity is the only energy used.
The elements of dairy electricity (per 1,000 litres of milk) are about:
Water Heating
Water heating accounts for about 40% of the electricity used in dairy farms, but only about 25-30% of dairy electricity cost (because of the use of cheaper off-peak electricity).
The low-cost ways of reducing water heater electricity use are:
- Ensure that the thermostat is not set too high and causing the water to boil water boiling in the cylinder (producing steam uses 10 times as much energy as heating it from cold to 95° C and the water is lost from the system). The water heaters are not designed for boiling water, and so boiling should be prevented for safety reasons as well as cost efficiency.
- maintain the water heater and piping to eliminate leaks
- use insulation to reduce heat losses
Recovering Heat from Milk
The heat removed from milk is a renewable source of energy. It is also a heat source which is well matched to the demand for heat, ie when the dairy is being used, the heat from milk is available.
The heat removed from the milk from 200 cows in one day is about 163 kWh or enough energy to heat over 1500 litres of water from 15° C to 95° C (over double the amount required).
A de-superheater which can be fitted to refrigeration equipment is capable of heating water to 70° C, and so some boosting is required to reach the required end-use temperature of 80° C.
Heat can also be recovered from the milk pre-cooler heat-exchanger. The achievable water temperature will be much lower (around 30° C, depending on milk and water flow rates). This tempered water can be used for udder washing or as feed water to the main heater or de-superheater.
| Overview of Costs |
|---|
| De-superheaters cost around $500 plus installation, but are normally supplied as a component of a complete water heating system. An energy efficient water heating system with de-superheater, tanks and controls costs about $4000 compared with about $2000 for a standard system of similar capacity. |
LPG
LPG can be used to heat water to the temperatures required in dairies. It is well suited to boosting the temperature of water which has been preheated by heat recovered from the milk.
LPG water heaters can heat water at the same rate that it is consumed, and so there is no need to store hot water. This reduces heat losses are reduced, and allows for more precise control of water temperature.
Therefore, LPG is a cost-competitive method of heating water in dairies providing that:
- The price is around 80 cents per litre
- An instantaneous LPG water heater is used to heat water as the water is required for use. This will reduce the heat losses to a minimum and so compensate for LPG’s higher cost.
LPG-fired water heating will also emit 83% less CO2 (the major greenhouse gas) than electric water heating.
Milk Cooling and Refrigeration
Cold storage (e.g. ice banks or chilled water storage) is not the most effective method of reducing electricity costs because increased energy consumption erodes the benefit of the cheaper off-peak electricity. Also,
- The capital cost of cold storage systems is high
- There is no guarantee that off-peak electricity will not continue to increase (it was 3.7 cents in 1998)
The most cost effective methods of reducing the electricity required to cool milk are:
- Install a pre-cooler (reducing dairy electricity use by around 15%)
- Optimise the performance of the pre-cooler by:
- Selecting a large enough heat exchanger
- Fine-tuning water flow rates
- Ensuring the cooling water is as cool as can be achieved economically
Cooling water temperatures and hence refrigeration energy can be minimised by using a commercially available, cooling tower. These are used in air-conditioning systems, and are designed to maximise the cooling effect, by using “fill material” which is maximises the surface area of contact between air and water.
Milk Quality Benefit
Maximising milk pre-cooling will minimise the time that the mechanical refrigeration system takes to cool milk in the vat to the temperature required, and so will minimise the growth of micro-organisms.
Lighting
Lighting in Dairies
LED lighting will provide the most cost-effective lighting solution in most dairies, especially if the roof is lower than 5 metres. These will reduce the power required to achieve the 240 lux lighting level recommended in dairy sheds.
Lighting in Residences
Replacing incandescent lights in homes with low cost, high efficiency, LED lamps with warm light colour appropriate to residences will reduce electricity costs and, reduce the inconvenience of frequent lamp failures.
Minimising Capital Costs
Some farms have been asked by their electricity distributor to contribute to the upgrade of electricity supply infrastructure (eg. transmission poles and wires).
Farms producing up to 5000 litres per day at peak of season (approx 180 cows), can easily meet their maximum power demand using a single phase or SWER power supply without using special equipment or procedures.
Much larger dairies (up to 25,000 litres) successfully use single phase or SWER power supplies, by selecting and operating dairy equipment carefully.
More Information and Related Sites
Relevant Organisations:
Upper Murray Development Board, PO Box 118, CORRYONG VIC 3707 Phone +61 (02) 6076 2136 Fax +61 (02) 6076 2180. For further information please contact Genesis Now or UMDB for further information.